Apparatus for conducting experiments



R. W. BENNETT AND E. M. JONES. APPARATUS FOR CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS.

APPLICATION F/HIED OCT. 17, 19:9. 1,338,967. Patented May 4, 1920.

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APPLICATION FILED OCT- 17, I919.

- Patented May 4, 1920.

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termination Of'flOitI'bOl'l-CllOXlCl in baking UNITED STA'EES PATENT OFFIGE.

BEUEL W. BENNETT, or INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA, AND ELMER M. JONES, or ADRIAN, MICHIGAN; SAID JONES ASSIGNOB T SAID BENNETT,

APPARATUS FOR CONDUCTING EXIElilItIlVJIEN'ISv To all whom it may concern 'Be it known that we, REUEL W. BENNETT and ELMER M. Jones, citizens of the United States, residing at Indianapolis, Indiana, and Adrian, Michigan, respectively, have invented certain new and useful Improvemerits in Apparatus for Conducting Experiments, of which the following is a specification. 7

This invention relates to apparatus for conducting experiments, and more especially to an apparatus capable of performing a large variety of experiments, the appara tus being most suitable for use in class rooms to quickly and clearly demonstrate various experiments based on fundamental laws of chemistry. It is among the Objects of this invention to produce an apparatus which canbe' used with little or no modification so asto enable the operator to perform various experiments quickly and" accurately.

In carrying the objects of our invention into effect we provide a flask having a side tube thereon -and usually having suitable connections to an especially constructed flask'provide'd with a compressible bulb; a manometer and thermometer may be fitted to the first flask. 'To this basic apparatus we may add various other Well known pieces of apparatus 'to aid in the performing of the different experiments.

' Referring .to the accompanying drawings forming apart hereof, and in which similar reference characters denote similar parts,

Figure 1, illustrates a form of apparatus which" is especially capable of use in determining the hydrogen equivalentof metals,

Fig. '2, an apparatus'add'ed to the apparatus of Fig; 1, for the conducting of experiments, such as the determination of the percentage of oxygen in air, 7

Fig; 3, a modification adapted to determinethe weight of gases, 7

Fig; 4, an apparatus suitable for the depowder, and

Fig. 5, an apparatus adapted to be attached to the flask 1 to illustrate the absorption of ammonia or hydrochloric acid by liquids, such as water.

The ordinary flask 1 has sealed in the neck thereof a side tube 2 having an extension '3 thereon. A stopper 4 fits into the end 5 'of'tube =2 and has a notch 6 therein so placed Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented. May 4, 1920.

Application filed, October 17, 1919. Serial No. 331,319.

that the openingof extension 3 is directly opposite the notch 6. A thermometer 8 is held within the flask by the stopper 7 and a tube 9 passing through the stopper 7 extends nearly to the bottom of the flask. A tube 10 also inserted in the stopper 7 communicates with a manometer 11 on the outer end thereof, the open end of the manometer being closed by a stopper 12.

The exterior portion of the tube 9 is provided with a stop cook 13 and is connected by means of a piece of tubing 14: to a tube 15 passing through stopper 16 of a specially constructed flask 17;the tube 15 passes to nearly the bottom of flask 17. A stop cock is formed in the bottom of flask 17 and serves as a means for completely draining the flask. A tube 19 fits into the cork 16 and is connected at its outer end to apiece of tubing 20 having on the end thereof a compressible bulb 21 having an opening 22 therein communicating with the atmosphere. A separatory funnel 25 may be fitted into extension 3, if desired.

hen the apparatus is to be used in conducting such experiments as the determination of oxygen in air, a tube 26 (Fig. 2) connected to a water supply leads through stopper 27 to the bottom of flask 28, and tube 29 inserted in stopper 27 leads from the flask to a set of-absorption tubes 30-31 from which a tube 32 connects with extension 3 of the apparatus shown in Fig. 1.

In the embodiment shown in Fig. 3 the apparatus 17 with its bulb is dispensed with and in lieu thereof is placed a set of absorption bulbs 37 and 39; absorption tube 36 is connected by tubing to the extension3 of flask 1.

As above stated this apparatus with its various modifications is adapted to a large variety of experiments, such as the determination of the hydrogen equivalent of metals, determination of the weight of gases, of the molecular weights of various substances,vapor pressure of liquids, proof of Charless law, determination of nitrogen, of carbon-dioxid inbaking powder, absorption of gases in water, percentage of oxygen in potassium-chlorate, proof of the law of Gay- Lussac, of Raoults law, and many others. To illustrate the manner in which such experiments can be performed we hereinbelow describe a few of such determinations.

In the determination of the :hydrogen equivalent of metals by means of the apparatus ofFig. 1, the separatory funnel 25 is omitted; a definite quantity of zinc is weighed out and placed on the side tube 2 of flask 1, the flask having been filled nearly to the mark 23 on the stem with dilute hydrochloric acid; the stopper 4 is placed with the notch 6 up; dilute acid is also placed in flask 17 and the bulb 21 pressed to force acid from 17 through 15, 1 1 and 9 into the flask 1 until it has been filled exactly to the mark, the stop cock 13 being open for this purpose. The stop cock 13 is then closed, stopper 4 is turned half way around so that notch 6 faces downward, thus closing off extension 3, and stopper 12 is removed from the manometer. Stop cook 18 is opened to allow all the acid in 17 to be drawn out and then closed; stopper 4 is momentarily opened and then stopper 12 placed in position, stop cock 18 opened and the flask 1 is tipped so as to throw the zinc in side tube 2 into the flask. The generation of gas forces acid out of flask 1 into flask 17 and when the action has been completed the stopper 12 is removed, the bulb 21 pressed to force out a portion of its air, the opening 22 closed with the finger, and the bulb manipulated to produce a pressure or vacuum in flask 1 until the mercury in 11 shows that the pressures within and without the flask are equal. The valve 13 is then closed'and the amount of acid collected in flask 17 measured and the volume corrected to standard conditions. The hydrogen equivalent of metals can be readily determined from the results thus obtained. In a slightmodification of this determination the separatory funnel 25 is used being filled with concentrated hydrochloric acid and the zinc placed in flask 1 which is filled with water. i

The determination of the percentage of oxygen in air can be made by attaching the apparatus of Fig. 2 to that of Fig. 1. The flask 28 of known capacity is filled with air, and water is allowed to flow in slowly through tube 26 forcing the air in flask 28 through absorption tubes 30-31 which are filled preferably with alkaline pyrogallic acid which absorbs the oxygen and allows the nitrogen to pass into flask 1 where it displaces the water into flask 17, the water thus forced into 17 being measured and corrected to standard conditions.

The apparatus of Fig. 3 is well adapted to the determination of the weights of gases, such as ammonia, sulfur-dioxid, carbondioxid, etc. In such determination the flask 1 is filled with dry ammonia gas and air is drawn in through tube 36 filled with calcium-chlorid to remove moisture; the mixture of air and ammonia passes through absorption bulbs 37 containing sulfuric acid to absorb the ammonia, the air passing out through calcium-chlorid tube 39, the absorbed ammonia is then weighed and from the volume of flask 1 and the known condi tions of temperature and pressure the weight of a liter of ammonia can be easily determined. When acid gases are used potash is placed in absorption bulbs 37.

,VVhen the apparatus is to be used for the determination of CO in baking powder, a flask 40 is interposed between flasks 1 and 17 as shown in Fig. 4, and filled with water. The baking powder is placed in 1, acid in 25 and the amount of water forced from 40 into 17 is measured and corrected to standard conditions.

To illustrate the absorption of ammonia or HCl in water the flask 17, connected to flask 1 filled with water, is inverted (Fig. 5) and'filled with the gas. A little water is placed in 24 and cock 18 openedmomentarily allowing the water to run in. The absorption of the gas causes water from flask 1 to flow into 17 in a fountain efl'ect.

Having thus fully described our said invention, what we claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is:

1. Apparatus for conducting experiments comprising a flask, a branched sidetube ex tending therefrom, a stopper in one branch of said side tube, a tube leading into said flask, and a manometer connected to said flask. v

2. Apparatus for conducting experiments comprising a flask, a side tube extending therefrom, a stopper for said side tube, a tube leading into said flask, extending to near the bottom thereof. and a stop cock at the other end of said tube.

3. Apparatus for conducting experiments comprising a flask, a side tube extending therefrom, a stopper for said side tube, a tube leading into said flask, the other end of said tube extending to a second flask, and a bulb connected to said second flask.

4:. Apparatus for conducting experiments comprising a flask, a side tube extending therefrom, a stopper for said side tube, a tube leading into said flask, the other endof said tube extending to a second flask, and a bulb connected to said second flask having an opening therein communicating with the atmosphere.

5. Apparatus for conducting experiments comprising. a. flask, a side tube extending therefrom, a stopper for said side tube, a tube leading to the bottom of said flask, a stop cock on the outer end of said tube, a second flask, a connection thereto from said outer end of said tube and extending to the bottom of said second flask. a stop cock in said bottom. and a bulb having an opening therein connected to said second flask.

6. Apparatus for conducting experiments comprising a flask, a side tube extending therefrom, a stopper having a notch therein 8. Apparatus for conducting experiments comprising a flask, a side tube extending therefrom, a stopper having a notch therein for said side tube, an extension tube on said 15 side tube opening at a point opposite said notch, a manometer connected to said flask, a stopper for the outer end thereof, a tube leading into said flask, and a thermometer in said flask.

REUEL W. BENNETT. ELMER M. J ONES. 

